Releases

This research brief computes 2023 county-level effective tax rates (ETRs) as the ratio of personal income tax liability to total income. Total income includes both taxable and non-taxable income (e.g., Social Security, pensions, SNAP benefits). Counties surrounding Philadelphia (Chester, Montgomery, Bucks and Delaware) had some of the highest ETRs, while rural counties (Forest, Cameron, Sullivan and Venango) had the lowest ETRs.

As a follow up to its annual Fiscal Outlook, the IFO released a one page summary that examines factors that contributed to the rapid expansion of the General Fund structural deficit.